CONTENTS
Tools Supplied in Kit .......................................................................................... 11
Tool Kit Photos .................................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................... 17
Testing Procedures and Practices ........................................................................ 17
Testing Procedures and Practices ........................................................................ 18
Double Ring Applicator ...................................................................................... 19
Use of the Double Ring Applicator in the Speed of Set Test ................................ 20
Dual 7 Mil Slot Steel Template ........................................................................... 23
Viscosity Cup ..................................................................................................... 24
Water Drop Solution .......................................................................................... 26
Glass Plate—Dry/Wet ........................................................................................ 28
Adhesive Film Test ............................................................................................. 28
Dial Thermometer ............................................................................................... 32
Self-Adhesive Thermolabels ............................................................................... 33
Identifi cation of Packaging Films ........................................................................ 35
Film Identifi cation Chart (1) ............................................................................... 38
Film Identifi cation Chart (2) ............................................................................... 39
Surface Treatment or Wetting Tension ................................................................ 40
Clay Lift or Clay Splitting .................................................................................... 43
10 Power Glass .................................................................................................. 45
5% Tincture of Iodine ......................................................................................... 48
Hot Melt Density Check ..................................................................................... 49
Adhesive Compatibility ....................................................................................... 51
Wet Film Gauge ................................................................................................. 53
Grease Resistance Test ....................................................................................... 54
Wet Tack Measurement ..................................................................................... 57
Spark Plug Gauge .............................................................................................. 59
CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................... 61
Test Methods Used in the Flexible Packaging Industry ........................................ 61
Index to Quality Control ..................................................................................... 62
Test Method #1—Initial Adhesive Bond Strength ................................................ 63
Test Method #2—Accelerated Aged Bond ........................................................ 65
Test Method #3—Fully Cured Adhesive Bond Strength ..................................... 66
Test Method #4—Detecting the Presence of Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC or “Saran”) ..............................................................................................................67
Test Method #5—Presence of Nitrocellulose Coatings ........................................ 70
Test Method #6—Determining the Presence of a Coating on Cellophane ............. 71
Test Method #7—Determination of Viscosity ...................................................... 72
Test Method #8—Determining the Basis Weight ................................................. 73
Test Method #9—Determining the Weight of Coating or Adhesive Applied ......... 74
Test Method #10—Evaluating the Presence and Degree of “Treatment” on Film Surfaces ............................................................................................................. 76
Test Method #11—Evaluating “Odour” (Retained Solvent) ................................. 78
Test Method #12—Evaluating “Curl” .................................................................. 80
Test Method #13—Evaluating Blocking Tendencies ............................................ 81
Test Method #14—Evaluating Bond Strength in Printed Areas ............................ 82
Test Method #15—Evaluating the Appearance of a Laminated or Coated Structure . .............................................................................................................................83
Test Method #16—Heat Seal Strength ................................................................ 84
Test Method #17—Moisture Resistance .............................................................. 85
Test Method #18—Print Repeat or “Cut-off” ...................................................... 86
Test Method #19—Caliper, Gauge of Thickness Evaluation ................................. 87
Test Method #20—Solids Content ...................................................................... 88
Test Method #21—Wetability of Foil .................................................................. 90
Test Method #22—Dye Stain Test ...................................................................... 91
Test Method #23—Paper Moisture Content ........................................................ 92
Simulating the Products by “Draw-downs” and “Throw-ins” ................................. 93
The “Throw-In” .................................................................................................. 95
What Draw-Downs Can Tell You ....................................................................... 96
The Machine Trial ............................................................................................. 100
Observations While the Trial Progresses ............................................................ 102
Other Testing During the Trial ............................................................................ 103
Product Testing ................................................................................................. 104
Common Defects in Laminated Film Structures Cloudiness ................................. 106
Edge Curl ......................................................................................................... 106
Low Bond ........................................................................................................ 107
Tunneling (Synonymous with poor adhesion) ...................................................... 107
Solventless Adhesive Testing using the Conlor Trouble Shooting Kit ................... 109
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................... 111
Additional Tests ................................................................................................ 111
Label Adhesive: Wet Tack Test ......................................................................... 112
Alternative Glueability Test Method—Lineboard ................................................ 116
Evaluating Hot Tack of EVA Hot Melt Coating Using a Modifififi ed Spring Test .117
Conversion Table .............................................................................................. 119
Blocking Test for Coatings ................................................................................ 120
Gloss Retention of High Wax Content EVA Hot Melts ....................................... 121
Determination of the Coeffi cient of Friction of Hot Melt Coating ........................ 122
Dupont SprinG Test for Hot Tack of Coatings Based on Elvax Vinyl Resin/Wax Blends ...............................................................................................................123
Sealing Properties for Hot-Melt Coated Glassine ............................................... 123
Dupont Hot Tack Testing Spring ....................................................................... 125
Copper Sulphate Test for Corrosion on Foil ...................................................... 126
Ice Proof Test for Label Adhesives .................................................................... 127
Laboratory Label Removal Test—Method ........................................................ 128
Test Method for Measuring Brookfi eld Viscosity of Jelly Gums at High Viscosity 130
Mixing Procedure for Jelly Gum ......................................................................... 131
Spindle Positioning ............................................................................................ 131
Paper Size Screening Test ................................................................................. 132
CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................... 135
Conversions and Instructions ............................................................................. 135
Quick Conversions ............................................................................................ 136
Coating Rod Specifi cations and Availability ....................................................... 136
RelAtionship Between Wire Diameter and Wet Film Thickness .......................... 136
Relationship Between Wet Film Thickness ......................................................... 138
and Dry Coating Weight .................................................................................... 138
Dwell Time in Oven Chart ................................................................................. 139
Conversion Tables ............................................................................................ 140
Correlation of Film Thickness to Coverage ........................................................ 140
Dry Coat Weight to Coating Thickness .............................................................. 141
Important Guidelines on Adhesive Testing Procedures For Wire Rods ................ 142
Guideline for Wire-Wound Rod Selection .......................................................... 143
Conversion Factors for Dry Coating Weight to Coating Thickness ...................... 144
Common Conversion Factors ............................................................................ 144
Stop Watch Instruction Manual ......................................................................... 145
Instructions for Using pH Indicator Papers ......................................................... 146
Dyne Treatment Pens ........................................................................................ 147
Krones Label Adhesive Consumption Formula .................................................. 149
Viscosity Conversion Chart ............................................................................... 150
Viscosity Conversion Chart (Continued) ............................................................ 151
Formula for Water Drop Solution ...................................................................... 152
CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................... 155
A Cause and Effect Guide to Solving Container Labelling Problems .................... 155
Labels Curling Away from Bottles ..................................................................... 156
Discolouration or Staining of Labels ................................................................... 157
Smearing of Bottles or Labels ............................................................................ 158
Wrinkling or Blistering of Labels ........................................................................ 159
Failure to Pick Labels out of Hopper ................................................................. 160
Spotty Adhesion ............................................................................................... 161
Tearing of Labels Out of Magazine .................................................................... 162
Labels Falling Off Bottles .................................................................................. 163
Modern Labelling Machines .............................................................................. 164
CHAPTER 6 .................................................................................................... 167
Problems and Tools .......................................................................................... 167
Cross Reference of Typical Problems and Tools to Solve a Problem .................. 168
CHAPTER 7 .................................................................................................... 171
Hot Melt ........................................................................................................... 171
Hot Melt Visual Bead Profi le Mileage Indicator for Case and Carton Sealing ..... 172
Faults and Trouble Shooting Chart for Hot Melt ................................................. 173
Hot Melt Trouble Shooting Chart ...................................................................... 175
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................... 179
Properties of Label Papers ................................................................................ 179
The Important Properties of Label Papers .......................................................... 180
Runnability and Printability Properties ................................................................ 181
The Equilibrium Moisture Content of Paper ........................................................ 182
Relationship Between Moisture Content and Relative Humidity for Wood Pulps . 182
Effect of Conditioning Time on Equilibrium Moisture Content (60 lb Kraft Paper) 183
Relationship between paper temperature and moisture content ............................ 184
Paper Temperature Conditioning Cart ................................................................ 184
(Table A–II Bruno) ........................................................................................... 184
Effects of Moisture Content on the Dimensional Stability of Paper ...................... 185
Structural Properties of Label Papers ................................................................. 187
Pendulum Scales ............................................................................................... 187
Papermaking process and furnish variables that affect basis weight ..................... 189
Micrometers ..................................................................................................... 189
Papermaking process and furnish variables that affect thickness .......................... 191
Method for Determining the Grain ...................................................................... 192
(Machine) Direction of Paper ............................................................................ 192
Papermaking process and furnish variables that affect grain direction ................... 193
Examples of coated and uncoated paper surfaces ............................................... 194
Recommended (or Typical) Values of Label Paper Smoothness Relationship of Smoothness to Other Properties ........................................................................ 196
Impact of Smoothness and Levelness on Label Printing and Label Application .... 197
Important Mechanical Properties of Label Papers .............................................. 198
Internal tearing Resistance Measurement Using the Elmendorf Tearing Resistance Tester ................................................................................................................201
Recommended (or typical) Values of Label Paper Tearing Resistance (Bruno, Table A-IV) ................................................................................................................201
Surface Strength of Paper .................................................................................. 203
The Wax Pick Test (TAPPI Test Method T459) ............................................... 203
Appearance Properties Impostant to Label Papers ............................................. 205
Sources of Illumination—Visible Light ................................................................ 205
Material—Light Interaction, Homogeneous Materials ......................................... 205
Material—Light Interactions, Paper ................................................................... 206
Schematic Illustration of Factors that Infl uence Perception of a Printed Label ..... 207
Tappi Brightness (Directional Refl ectance) ........................................................ 208
Elrepho Brightness (Diffuse Refl ectance) ........................................................... 208
Brightness and Whiteness (Spectral Refl ectance Curves) ................................... 209
Paper Colour Refl ectance (Table A–III, Bruno) ................................................ 209
Measurement of TAPPI Opacity (TAPPI Test Method T425) ........................... 211
Opacimeter ....................................................................................................... 211
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................... 215
Adhesive Terms ................................................................................................ 215
Defi nitions of Adhesive Terms .......................................................................... 216
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT (PART NUMBERS) ................................ 231
SUPPLIES, REFILLS, EXTRA KITS .............................................................. 232
PARTIAL CUSTOMER LIST ......................................................................... 233
INDEX ............................................................................................................. 235
NOTES ............................................................................................................ 241